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Egg, Bacon and Chips. Veggie Burger with Chips. Frequently asked questions. Can I order Sultans Restaurant delivery in London with Uber Eats? Sultans Restaurant delivery is available on Uber Eats in London. Is Sultans Restaurant delivery available near me? How do I order Sultans Restaurant delivery online in London?

Where can I find Sultans Restaurant online menu prices? How do I get free delivery on my Sultans Restaurant order? How do I pay for my Sultans Restaurant order? In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law.

A notable example is Morocco , whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in The word derives from the Arabic and Semitic root salaṭa "to be hard, strong".

The noun sulṭān initially designated a kind of moral authority or spiritual power as opposed to political power , and it is used in this sense several times in the Qur'an.

In the early Muslim world , ultimate power and authority was theoretically held by the caliph, who was considered the leader of the caliphate. The increasing political fragmentation of the Muslim world after the 8th century, however, challenged this consensus.

Local governors with administrative authority held the title of amīr أمير , traditionally "commander" or " emir ", later also "prince" and were appointed by the caliph, but in the 9th century some of these became de facto independent rulers who founded their own dynasties, such as the Aghlabids and Tulunids.

The first major figure to clearly grant himself this title was the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud r. The early Seljuk leader Tughril Bey was the first leader to adopt the epithet "sultan" on his coinage. This led to various Muslim scholars — notably Al-Juwayni and Al-Ghazali — attempting to develop theoretical justifications for the political authority of the Seljuk sultans within the framework of the formal supreme authority of the recognized caliphs.

In general, the theories maintained that all legitimate authority derived from the caliph, but that it was delegated to sovereign rulers whom the caliph recognized. Al-Ghazali, for example, argued that while the caliph was the guarantor of Islamic law shari'a , coercive power was required to enforce the law in practice and the leader who exercised that power directly was the sultan.

The position of sultan continued to grow in importance during the period of the Crusades , when leaders who held the title of "sultan" such as Salah ad-Din and the Ayyubid dynasty led the confrontation against the Crusader states in the Levant. Henceforth, the surviving descendants of the Abbasid caliphs lived in Cairo under the protection of the Mamluks and were still nominally recognized by the latter.

However, from this time on they effectively had no authority and were not universally recognized across the Sunni Muslim world. Mongol rulers who had since converted to Islam and other Turkish rulers were among those who did so. The position of sultan and caliph began to blend together in the 16th century when the Ottoman Empire conquered the Mamluk Empire and became the indisputable leading Sunni Muslim power across most of the Middle East , North Africa , and Eastern Europe.

The 16th-century Ottoman scholar and jurist, Ebüssuûd Mehmet Efendi , recognized the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent at the time as the caliph and universal leader of all Muslims.

During this later period, the title of sultan was still used outside the Ottoman Empire as well, as with the examples of the Somali aristocrats , Malay nobles and the sultans of Morocco such as the Alaouite dynasty founded in the 17th century.

The Safavid dynasty of Iran , who controlled the largest Shi'a Muslim state of this era, mainly used the Persian title Shah , a tradition which continued under subsequent dynasties. The term sultan , by contrast, was mainly given to provincial governors within their realm.

A feminine form of sultan , used by Westerners, is Sultana or Sultanah and this title has been used legally for some not all Muslim women monarchs and sultan's mothers and chief consorts.

However, Turkish and Ottoman Turkish also uses sultan for imperial lady, as Turkish grammar uses the same words for both women and men such as Hurrem Sultan and Sultan Suleiman Han Suleiman the Magnificent.

The female leaders in Muslim history are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the Sultanate of Sulu is styled as the "panguian" while the sultan's chief wife in many sultanates of Indonesia and Malaysia are known as "permaisuri", "Tunku Ampuan", "Raja Perempuan", or "Tengku Ampuan".

The queen consort in Brunei especially is known as Raja Isteri with the title of Pengiran Anak suffixed, should the queen consort also be a royal princess. By the beginning of the 16th century, the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known notably khatun for women and bey for men.

This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative. Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as "sultan", but Ottomans themselves used "padişah" emperor or "hünkar" to refer to their ruler.

The emperor's formal title consisted of "sultan" together with "khan" for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan. In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled "sultan", with imperial princes Şehzade carrying the title before their given name, and imperial princesses carrying it after.

For example: Şehzade Sultan Mehmed and Mihrimah Sultan , son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of the reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names, for example: Hafsa Sultan , Suleiman's mother and first valide sultan , and Hürrem Sultan , Suleiman's chief consort and first haseki sultan.

The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between the Sultanate of Women , as the position of main consort eroded over the course of the 17th century, with the main consort losing the title of "sultan", which was replaced by "kadin", a title related to the earlier "khatun".

Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title "sultan". In Kazakh Khanate a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty a direct descendants of Genghis Khan elected by clans, i.

a kind of prince. The best of sultans was elected as khan by people at Kurultai. In a number of post-caliphal states under Mongol or Turkic rule, there was a feudal type of military hierarchy.

These administrations were often decimal mainly in larger empires , using originally princely titles such as khan , malik , amir as mere rank denominations. In the Persian empire , the rank of sultan was roughly equivalent to that of a modern-day captain in the West; socially in the fifth-rank class, styled ' Ali Jah.

Apparently derived from the Arabic malik , this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the Kilwa Sultanate in Tanganyika presently the continental part of Tanzania. Mfalume is the Ki Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan:.

In Indonesia formerly in the Dutch East Indies :. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.

Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Noble title with several historical meanings. For other uses, see Sultan disambiguation.

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